Design systems
Apple, Google, and Microsoft’s systems decoded — and how to build your own with tokens that scale.
Apple Human Interface Guidelines
Live source of truth: developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines (a living document — verify specifics there when precision matters). Covers iOS, iPadOS, macOS,…
Material Design 3 + M3 Expressive
Live source of truth: m3.material.io (living document). Google's system for Android, web, and Google products. History: Material 1 (2014, the paper metaphor), Material 2…
Microsoft Fluent 2
Live source of truth: fluent2.microsoft.design (living document), plus Windows 11 design docs (learn.microsoft.com/windows/apps/design). Fluent spans Windows, Microsoft 365…
Building Your Own Design System
A design system = design tokens + component library + usage guidance + governance. Its purpose: consistency at scale and cheaper decisions — solve each problem once.